Cannabis Usage and Eating Disorders

A Serious Mental Health Condition

Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions characterized by a persistent disturbance in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions [2]. These disorders can affect physical, psychological, and social function, and they generally require proper medical attention and treatment. Despite its controversial nature, some people have found significant relief in using cannabis as part of their recovery process. However, it’s essential to understand the risks and benefits of integrating this substance into treatment.

What are Eating Disorders, and How Do They Affect Individuals?

Eating disorders involve an excessive focus on weight, body shape, and food, which can lead to dangerous eating behaviors.The most common types of eating disorders include:

Anorexia Nervosa

Severe food restriction, leading to significant weight loss and a distorted perception of body weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors, such as excessive exercise or fasting.

Binge Eating Disorder

Consuming large amounts of food in a short period, often accompanied by feelings of shame or guilt.

Eating disorders can have serious consequences on an individual’s health and well-being, including:

  • Impaired immune function
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Tooth decay
  • Osteoporosis
  • Psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse
  • Premature death

 

How Prevalent are Eating Disorders in the US, and What are the Most Common Types?

According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), it is estimated that 20 million women and 10 million men in the US will have an eating disorder at some point in their lives. The most common types of eating disorders in the US are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, and it’s estimated that binge eating disorder is the most prevalent.

What are the possible causes of eating disorders?

The causes of eating disorders are complex and multifaceted, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. While research in this area continues to evolve, some of the possible causes of eating disorders include:

Genetic factors
  • Changes in brain chemistry and hormone levels
  • Family history of eating disorders, depression, or substance misuse
Environmental factors
  • Pressure at school or work
  • Bullying or abuse
  • Criticism for body shape or eating habits
  • Difficult family relationships
  • Having a job or hobby where being thin or having a particular aesthetic look is seen as ideal
Psychological factors
  • Low self-esteem
  • Perfectionism
  • Difficulty regulating emotions
  • History of trauma or abuse
  • Anxiety or depression

It is essential to note that eating disorders can affect individuals of any gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status. Despite the misconceptions, they are not caused by a lack of willpower.

Risks and Benefits

Cannabis use has become increasingly popular for both medical and recreational purposes, and it may have an impact on appetite and eating behaviors. In this section, we will explore the potential benefits and risks of using cannabis to treat eating disorders, as well as the possible side effects.

It is essential to note that cannabis use is not a medically-advised treatment for eating disorders. While some individuals may find it helpful for managing symptoms, it can also have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Anyone with an eating disorder should seek professional treatment from a qualified healthcare provider.

How can cannabis affect appetite and eating behaviors?

Cannabis usage may affect appetite and eating behaviors through its interaction with the endocannabinoid system in the body. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for regulating various physiological processes, including appetite and metabolism. The cannabinoids found in cannabis may stimulate the release of certain hormones that can increase appetite. However, these specific appetite effects can vary based on the strain and dosage.

Potential Benefits of Cannabis for Eating Disorders
1

Appetite Stimulation

Cannabis is known for stimulating the appetite, and this is commonly known as the “munchies”. Increased appetite can potentially help people with eating disorders who struggle with a lack of appetite or have a distorted relationship with food. According to a study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology, cannabis use can lead to a significant increase in calorie intake, making it a potential treatment option for individuals with anorexia nervosa or other eating disorders.

2

Anxiety Reduction

Anxiety is a common co-occurring condition in individuals with eating disorders. Cannabis has been shown to have anxiolytic effects, which means it can help reduce anxiety. This could potentially benefit individuals with eating disorders who struggle with anxiety around food and eating. According to a study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders, cannabis use was associated with a reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders.

3

Pain Reduction

Individuals with eating disorders often experience physical pain and discomfort related to their condition. Cannabis has been shown to have analgesic effects, meaning it can help reduce pain. This could potentially benefit individuals with eating disorders who experience physical pain related to their condition. According to a study published in the Journal of Pain, cannabis use was associated with a reduction in chronic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis.

4

Mood regulation

Cannabis may help to regulate mood and improve depressive symptoms, which are common in individuals with eating disorders. THC has been shown to have antidepressant effects, while CBD may have mood-stabilizing effects.

Potential Risks of Cannabis for Eating Disorders
1

Increased Risk of Psychiatric Symptoms

Cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This could potentially worsen symptoms in individuals with eating disorders who already struggle with psychiatric symptoms. According to a study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders, cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders.

2

Impaired Cognitive Functioning

Cannabis use has been associated with impaired cognitive functioning, including memory, attention, and executive functioning. This could potentially impact individuals with eating disorders who are already struggling with cognitive symptoms related to their condition. According to a study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology, cannabis use was associated with impaired cognitive functioning in heavy cannabis users.

3

Addiction

Cannabis use has the potential to become addictive, with up to 9% of users developing a cannabis use disorder. This could potentially worsen symptoms in individuals with eating disorders who already struggle with addiction. According to a study published in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, cannabis use was associated with a higher risk of substance use disorder in patients with psychiatric disorders.

What are the potential side effects of using cannabis, and how do they impact individuals with eating disorders?

Like any medication or substance, cannabis can have side effects. Some potential side effects of cannabis usage include:

  • Dizziness and lightheadedness
  • Dry mouth
  • Increased heart rate
  • Fatigue
  • Impaired coordination
  • Psychotic symptoms

Individuals with eating disorders may be more susceptible to these side effects due to the physiological changes that occur as a result of their condition. For example, individuals with anorexia nervosa may already have low blood pressure, making them more susceptible to dizziness and lightheadedness [2].

Treatment Options

Medical treatments for eating disorders often involve the use of medications to address both physical and emotional symptoms. However, cannabis, which has been used medicinally for centuries, is a controversial treatment option that is increasingly being considered as a complementary therapy for eating disorders. Here, we will explore the potential benefits and risks of using cannabis as a complementary therapy for individuals with eating disorders, and how healthcare providers can determine if cannabis is a suitable treatment option for their patients.

What are the available treatment options for eating disorders, and how effective are they?

The most effective treatments for eating disorders are a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and nutritional counseling. The following are some of the available treatment options:

1

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy aims to help individuals with eating disorders understand the underlying psychological issues that contribute to their condition. One of the most common types of psychotherapy used for eating disorders is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to their eating disorder.

2

Medication

Medications can help manage underlying symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Antidepressants such as fluoxetine and sertraline are commonly used in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.

3

Nutritional counseling

Nutritional counseling is an essential component of eating disorder treatment. Registered dietitians work with individuals to develop a healthy meal plan that meets their nutritional needs while also addressing their eating disorder.

4

Residential treatment

Residential treatment is a highly structured program that provides intensive treatment for individuals with severe eating disorders. In residential treatment, individuals receive 24-hour care from a team of healthcare professionals, including therapists, dietitians, and medical doctors. People often transition into other outpatient therapies after completing residential treatment.

How should healthcare providers evaluate whether cannabis is a suitable treatment option for their patients with eating disorders?

When evaluating whether cannabis may be an appropriate treatment option for their patients with eating disorders, healthcare providers should consider a range of factors, including:

  • The patient’s medical history: Providers should review the patient’s medical history, including any past or current substance abuse issues, psychiatric conditions, or other medical conditions that could impact the use of cannabis.
  • The patient’s current symptoms: Providers should assess the patient’s current symptoms, including their level of appetite, anxiety, and pain, to determine whether cannabis may be an appropriate option.
  • The potential risks and benefits of using cannabis: Providers should weigh the potential risks and benefits of using cannabis as a treatment option, taking into account the patient’s individual potential predisposition for addiction.
  • The patient’s preferences and values: Providers should also consider the patient’s preferences and values when determining whether cannabis may be an appropriate option, as some patients may have strong feelings about using cannabis or may prefer to explore other treatment options.

The legal and regulatory considerations surrounding cannabis usage for individuals with eating disorders can be complex and vary by state. Currently, 36 states and the District of Columbia have legalized medical cannabis use, while 15 states have legalized recreational use. However, the federal government still classifies cannabis as a Schedule I drug, which means it is illegal under federal law [3].

For individuals with eating disorders, cannabis can be an effective treatment option. However, before considering cannabis use, it is important to understand the legal and regulatory considerations in your particular state.

How do state and federal laws impact access to cannabis as a treatment

State and federal laws can impact access to cannabis as a treatment for eating disorders. While many states have legalized medical cannabis use, it is still illegal under federal law. This classification creates several obstacles for individuals seeking cannabis treatment for eating disorders.

One of the biggest obstacles is the lack of federal regulation, which can result in inconsistent quality and purity of cannabis products. If you buy cannabis off the street, there is a chance of it being laced with hazardous or toxic substances. Additionally, insurance companies are not required to cover the cost of medical cannabis treatment, which can be a barrier for some patients.

However, some states have enacted laws that protect medical cannabis patients from discrimination in the workplace or in school settings. It is important to research your state’s laws and regulations to understand your rights and access to medical cannabis treatment.

What are the potential legal consequences of using cannabis to treat eating disorders without proper medical guidance?

Using cannabis to treat eating disorders without proper medical guidance can have legal consequences. In some states, individuals can face criminal charges for using cannabis without a medical card or prescription.

Additionally, using cannabis without proper medical guidance can be dangerous. For this reason, it’s important to be honest with your healthcare professional about either using or intending to use cannabis, especially if you struggle with an eating disorder.

Finding Help for Eating Disorders

Signs and Symptoms of Eating Disorders

The signs and symptoms of eating disorders can vary depending on the type of disorder an individual is experiencing and the severity, frequency, and duration of their symptoms. However, some common warning signs of eating disorders include:

  1. Preoccupation with food, weight, and body shape: People with eating disorders have obsessive thoughts about food, calories, and their body weight. They may also have distorted body image and feel intensely dissatisfied with their appearance.
  2. Restrictive eating patterns: An individual may significantly limit the types or amounts of food they eat, avoid certain food groups, or skip meals regularly.
  3. Binge eating: An individual may eat an excessive amount of food in a short period and feel a lack of control over their eating. They may also engage in secretive eating due to shame.
  4. Purging behaviors: An individual may engage in behaviors to compensate for overeating, such as vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise.
  5. Physical changes: An individual with an eating disorder may experience physical changes, including significant weight loss or gain, irregular menstrual cycles, low energy levels, and gastrointestinal problems.

It’s essential to note that individuals with eating disorders may try to hide or downplay their symptoms, making it challenging for their loved ones to recognize the signs. Therefore, it’s crucial to look for changes in eating patterns, mood, and behavior that persist over time.

How to Recognize Eating Disorders

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of eating disorders can be challenging, especially if an individual is trying to hide their symptoms. However, some common behaviors that can indicate an eating disorder include:

  1. Skipping meals regularly/inconsistent eating: An individual may skip meals regularly, make excuses for not eating, lie about having already eaten, or avoid social situations that involve food.
  2. Changes in eating habits: An individual may develop unusual eating habits, such as avoiding certain food groups, eating only at specific times, or consuming a limited amount of food.
  3. Disappearing after meals: An individual may disappear after meals to purge, engage in excessive exercise, or engage in other compensatory behaviors.
  4. Changes in mood: An individual with an eating disorder may experience changes in mood, including anxiety, depression, irritability, or social withdrawal. They may also have unexplained academic or occupational problems.

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have an eating disorder, it’s crucial to seek help immediately. The earlier an individual receives treatment, the better their chances of recovery.

How can individuals with eating disorders find help?
  1. Talk to a healthcare professional: If you suspect that you or someone you know has an eating disorder, the first step is to talk to a healthcare professional. This can include a family doctor, nurse practitioner, or mental health professional. A healthcare professional can help diagnose an eating disorder, develop a treatment plan, and provide support and guidance throughout the recovery process.
  2. Seek specialized treatment: Early intervention is key. Treatment may include therapy, medication, and nutritional counseling. Treatment may be outpatient or inpatient, depending on the severity of the disorder.
  3. Join a support group: Eating disorders can be isolating, and it can be helpful to connect with others who are going through similar experiences. Support groups offer a safe space to share feelings and experiences and provide encouragement to others.
  4. Educate yourself: Learning about eating disorders can help people understand the condition, recognize the signs and symptoms, and know what to expect during treatment. There are many online resources, books, and support groups that can boost your education.

Top Resources for individuals with eating disorders

  • National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA)

    NEDA supports individuals and families affected by eating disorders, and serves as a catalyst for prevention, cures and access to quality care. They offer a helpline, support groups, and a wealth of information on their website.

  • Eating Disorders Hope

    This organization offers education, support, and inspiration to eating disorder sufferers, their loved ones, and eating disorders treatment providers. They provide resources and recovery tools.

  • The Eating Disorder Foundation

    A non-profit organization dedicated to providing support, community, and hope to those affected by eating disorders. They offer a variety of services including support groups, education, and advocacy.

  • Project HEAL

    This organization provides grant funding for people with eating disorders who cannot afford treatment, promotes healthy body image and self-esteem, and serves as a testament that full recovery from an eating disorder is possible.

  • Eating Recovery Center

    This is a national center for eating disorders recovery providing comprehensive treatment for anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, and other unspecified eating disorders.

  • Beat Eating Disorders

    This is the UK's eating disorder charity. They provide information and support through helplines, online support groups, and a network of UK-wide self-help groups to help adults and young people in the UK beat their eating disorders.

  • The Renfrew Center

    Renfrew provides women suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and related mental health problems with the tools they need to succeed in recovery and in life. It offers a full range of services including residential, day treatment, intensive outpatient, and outpatient programs.

  • ANAD (National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders)

    ANAD is a non-profit organization working in the areas of support, awareness, advocacy, referral, education, and prevention. ANAD is the oldest organization aimed at fighting eating disorders in the United States.